Khoa học Sự sống-English Hà Nội HUS University

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20 câu

60 phút

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Thông tin đề

Môn: Khoa học Sự sống-English
Kỳ thi: University
Số câu: 20 câu
Thời gian: 60 phút
Đáp án: ✓ Có giải thích
Trường: ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên – ĐHQG Hà Nội (HUS)

Nội dung đề (20 câu)

Câu 1.
Using the species–area relationship logic presented in the text, if a habitat patch loses 90% of its area (e.g., shrinking from 100 km² to 10 km²), approximately what percentage of its dependent species is expected to be lost?
- A.
  About 10% of the species
- B.
  About 25% of the species
- C.
  About 50% of the species
- D.
  About 90% of the species
Câu 2.
Which combination of conditions best meets Norman Myers' original criteria for designating a geographic region as a biodiversity hotspot?
- A.
  Presence of at least 500 endemic plant species and 50% habitat disturbance
- B.
  Presence of at least 1500 endemic plant species and 70% habitat disturbance
- C.
  Presence of at least 5000 endemic species of any taxon and complete habitat conversion
- D.
  High endemism among mammals only and 80% forest cover remaining
Câu 3.
If the background extinction rate is approximately 1 E/MSY (extinction per million species-years) and we assume 10 million species exist on Earth, how many extinctions would the background rate predict per year?
- A.
  0.01 extinctions per year
- B.
  1 extinction per year
- C.
  10 extinctions per year
- D.
  100 extinctions per year
Câu 4.
The text describes an experiment in which the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone altered elk and coyote populations and increased plant growth in riparian areas. Which ecological principle does this BEST illustrate?
- A.
  The species–area relationship
- B.
  The keystone species concept
- C.
  The theory of island biogeography
- D.
  The founder effect
Câu 5.
Which statement best explains why the amphibian disease chytridiomycosis is considered a case study in unintended biological globalization?
- A.
  It spread naturally from Asia via migrating birds
- B.
  It was introduced through the transport of a widely-used laboratory and pet species (Xenopus laevis)
- C.
  It arose spontaneously in each continent from local soil fungi
- D.
  It was introduced via contaminated crop shipments from Europe
Câu 6.
The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam caused the extinction of approximately how many native bird species after its arrival in 1950?
- A.
  Three bird species
- B.
  Fifteen bird species
- C.
  Three bird species and three to five reptile species
- D.
  No extinctions; the snake is harmless to native wildlife
Câu 7.
An endangered frog species lives only at the mouth of a single spring in Austin, Texas. According to the text, this species is BEST described as:
- A.
  An exotic species
- B.
  An endemic species with a highly restricted distribution
- C.
  A keystone species
- D.
  An invasive species
Câu 8.
According to the chapter, approximately what percentage of Earth's land surface was estimated by the IUCN World Parks Congress in 2003 to be covered by preserves of various kinds?
- A.
  2.3 percent
- B.
  9 percent
- C.
  11.5 percent
- D.
  50 percent
Câu 9.
The 'tragedy of the commons' economic principle, as applied to fisheries in the text, most directly explains which phenomenon?
- A.
  The evolution of cooperative behavior among fishers
- B.
  The overexploitation of fishery stocks that are held in common
- C.
  The success of marine protected areas in rebuilding stocks
- D.
  The role of fishers' religious beliefs in conservation
Câu 10.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) entered into force in 1975. Which of the following best describes its principal limitation, as discussed in the text?
- A.
  It prohibits trade in all species, including domesticated crops and livestock
- B.
  It only regulates international movement of organisms and is constrained by enforcement capacity of member nations
- C.
  It is binding only on countries that did not sign the treaty
- D.
  It focuses exclusively on marine species and excludes terrestrial wildlife
Câu 11.
Which of the following provides the best synthesis of why biodiversity generally increases at lower (tropical) latitudes, according to the hypotheses presented in the text?
- A.
  Tropical regions have less solar input, reducing competition for light
- B.
  Greater habitat heterogeneity, ecosystem stability, and greater age of tropical ecosystems provide more time and opportunity for speciation
- C.
  Tropical species reproduce exclusively asexually, generating diversity without mutation
- D.
  The equator receives more rainfall, which physically washes in species from other continents
Câu 12.
According to the chapter summary in Chapter 21, which pair of extinction drivers was identified as having the LEAST current impact among the four major threats?
- A.
  Habitat loss and overharvesting
- B.
  Exotic species introduction and pollution
- C.
  Anthropogenic climate change, which has not yet had a large impact but is predicted to become significant
- D.
  Bush meat hunting and aquaculture
Câu 13.
A researcher measures that pollinator-dependent crop production in the United States generates approximately $1.6 billion per year from honeybee pollination, with additional pollinators contributing up to $6.7 billion. What concept does this BEST illustrate?
- A.
  The species–area relationship
- B.
  An ecosystem service with quantifiable economic value
- C.
  Genetic diversity within a single pollinator species
- D.
  The tragedy of the commons applied to beekeeping
Câu 14.
What is the BEST explanation, in the context of the chapter, for why approximately 90 percent of river lengths in the United States have been modified through damming or bank alterations?
- A.
  Natural geologic processes of erosion over geologic time
- B.
  Human efforts to control water flow for agriculture, flood control, and consumption
- C.
  Volcanic activity in the Pacific Northwest
- D.
  Beaver populations engineering wetland ecosystems
Câu 15.
Which of the following best explains why the Svalbard Global Seed Vault was deliberately constructed deep inside an Arctic mountainside on Spitsbergen island?
- A.
  The arctic climate provides natural cooling, and the depth protects against system failures and outside climate variability
- B.
  The polar bear population at the site guards against human intruders
- C.
  Arctic permafrost actively mutates seeds, increasing crop diversity
- D.
  International treaty prohibits vaults in temperate zones
Câu 16.
Which statement most accurately contrasts the impact of habitat loss on amphibian species compared to many other taxa, as discussed in the text?
- A.
  Amphibians are immune to habitat loss because of their dual life stages
- B.
  Amphibians requiring both aquatic and terrestrial habitats are at greater risk because losing either habitat or access between them can collapse their life cycle
- C.
  Amphibians have low genetic diversity and are therefore unaffected by habitat fragmentation
- D.
  All amphibians reproduce equally well in either habitat, eliminating risk
Câu 17.
According to the text, which of the following represents the principal conceptual basis for designing preserves to maintain biodiversity?
- A.
  The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- B.
  MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography
- C.
  Mendel's laws of inheritance
- D.
  The competitive exclusion principle of Gause
Câu 18.
European bird species have shifted their ranges, on average, how far northward according to research cited in the chapter?
- A.
  10 km (6 mi)
- B.
  91 km (56.5 mi)
- C.
  500 km (310 mi)
- D.
  1500 km (930 mi)
Câu 19.
Which of the following most accurately summarizes the conclusion reached about the relationship between European bird range shifts and optimal shifts predicted by warming trends?
- A.
  Bird ranges are shifting faster than climate change requires
- B.
  Observed shifts (91 km) are about half the predicted optimal shift
- C.
  Optimal shifts are about one-quarter of observed shifts
- D.
  No relationship exists between warming and observed range shifts
Câu 20.
The text notes that science has described approximately 1.5 million species, yet the actual number of eukaryote species on the planet is estimated to be about 8.7 million. Which of the following is the BEST description of the relationship between described species and predicted total species diversity?
- A.
  Most species have been described and there are relatively few undescribed species remaining
- B.
  Described species represent less than 20 percent of predicted eukaryotic species, meaning most species remain unknown to science
- C.
  All predicted species have been described, but their distributions are poorly understood
- D.
  The number of described species exceeds the number of predicted species

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