Medical Terminology - Endocrine System University

Endocrine System - Chapter 18 Examination

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Môn: Medical Terminology - Endocrine System
Kỳ thi: University
Số câu: 80 câu
Thời gian: 90 phút
Đáp án: ✓ Có giải thích

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Câu 1.
How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system in transmitting information?
- A.
  The endocrine system uses nerves as information channels.
- B.
  The endocrine system uses blood vessels as information channels.
- C.
  The endocrine system transmits signals only through ducts.
- D.
  The endocrine system uses electrical impulses to relay messages.
Câu 2.
What are the chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands called?
- A.
  Enzymes
- B.
  Hormones
- C.
  Neurotransmitters
- D.
  Electrolytes
Câu 3.
Which term describes protein recognition sites in target tissues where hormones bind?
- A.
  Receptors
- B.
  Islets
- C.
  Cortex
- D.
  Medulla
Câu 4.
Which type of gland secretes its products via ducts to the outside of the body?
- A.
  Endocrine gland
- B.
  Exocrine gland
- C.
  Pituitary gland
- D.
  Pineal gland
Câu 5.
Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is linked to the body's 'biologic clock'?
- A.
  Insulin
- B.
  Melatonin
- C.
  Cortisol
- D.
  Calcitonin
Câu 6.
Which mental condition has been linked to the pineal gland and involves depression during winter months?
- A.
  Cushing syndrome
- B.
  Diabetes insipidus
- C.
  Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- D.
  Graves disease
Câu 7.
Where is the thyroid gland located in the body?
- A.
  On either side of the trachea, just below the larynx
- B.
  On top of each kidney
- C.
  At the base of the brain in the sella turcica
- D.
  Behind the stomach at the level of the lumbar vertebrae
Câu 8.
What is the narrow strip of glandular tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland called?
- A.
  Thyroid cartilage
- B.
  Isthmus
- C.
  Larynx
- D.
  Adenoma
Câu 9.
Which element is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4?
- A.
  Calcium
- B.
  Potassium
- C.
  Iodine
- D.
  Sodium
Câu 10.
Which thyroid hormone is more potent in affecting the metabolism of cells?
- A.
  T4 (thyroxine)
- B.
  T3 (triiodothyronine)
- C.
  Calcitonin
- D.
  Parathyroid hormone
Câu 11.
What is the function of calcitonin, secreted by the thyroid gland?
- A.
  Increases blood calcium levels
- B.
  Decreases blood calcium levels
- C.
  Raises blood glucose levels
- D.
  Stimulates red blood cell production
Câu 12.
How many parathyroid glands are typically present in the human body?
- A.
  Two
- B.
  Three
- C.
  Four
- D.
  Six
Câu 13.
What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on bones?
- A.
  It causes calcium to be deposited into bones.
- B.
  It mobilizes calcium from bones into the bloodstream.
- C.
  It has no effect on bone calcium.
- D.
  It stimulates bone growth in length.
Câu 14.
The condition of maintaining a constant internal body environment is known as:
- A.
  Hyperglycemia
- B.
  Homeostasis
- C.
  Hypokalemia
- D.
  Hypercalcemia
Câu 15.
Where are the adrenal glands located?
- A.
  On either side of the trachea
- B.
  On top of each kidney
- C.
  In the lower abdomen of females
- D.
  Within the sella turcica
Câu 16.
Which part of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones such as cortisol?
- A.
  Adrenal cortex
- B.
  Adrenal medulla
- C.
  Islets of Langerhans
- D.
  Adenohypophysis
Câu 17.
Which hormone, secreted by the adrenal medulla, is often called the 'fight or flight' hormone?
- A.
  Cortisol
- B.
  Aldosterone
- C.
  Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- D.
  Androgen
Câu 18.
The 'three S's' of the adrenal cortex hormones influence sugar, salt, and sex. Which hormone influences salt?
- A.
  Cortisol
- B.
  Aldosterone
- C.
  Androgen
- D.
  Insulin
Câu 19.
What is the action of aldosterone on the kidney?
- A.
  Reabsorbs potassium and excretes sodium
- B.
  Reabsorbs sodium and water, and excretes potassium
- C.
  Reabsorbs glucose only
- D.
  Reabsorbs calcium only
Câu 20.
Which term describes a substance that mimics the actions of the sympathetic nervous system?
- A.
  Antidiuretic
- B.
  Sympathomimetic
- C.
  Glucocorticoid
- D.
  Mineralocorticoid
Câu 21.
Where is the pancreas located in the body?
- A.
  Above the diaphragm
- B.
  Near and partly behind the stomach at the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae
- C.
  Inside the sella turcica
- D.
  Within the scrotal sac
Câu 22.
What are the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas called?
- A.
  Acinar cells
- B.
  Islets of Langerhans
- C.
  Alpha cells only
- D.
  Sertoli cells
Câu 23.
Which cells of the pancreas produce insulin?
- A.
  Alpha cells
- B.
  Beta cells
- C.
  Delta cells
- D.
  Acinar cells
Câu 24.
What is the action of glucagon on blood glucose levels?
- A.
  Lowers blood glucose by promoting glycogen storage
- B.
  Raises blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown
- C.
  Has no effect on blood glucose
- D.
  Lowers blood calcium
Câu 25.
Insulin lowers blood sugar by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT:
- A.
  Helping glucose enter body cells
- B.
  Promoting conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver
- C.
  Promoting conversion of glycogen to glucose
- D.
  Allowing glucose to pass into cells
Câu 26.
Which hormone is the only one that lowers blood sugar levels?
- A.
  Glucagon
- B.
  Insulin
- C.
  Cortisol
- D.
  Epinephrine
Câu 27.
Where is the pituitary gland (hypophysis) located?
- A.
  At the base of the brain in the sella turcica
- B.
  Above the kidneys
- C.
  In the lower abdomen of females
- D.
  On the posterior of the thyroid gland
Câu 28.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as:
- A.
  Neurohypophysis
- B.
  Adenohypophysis
- C.
  Hypothalamus
- D.
  Thalamus
Câu 29.
The pituitary gland is often called the 'master gland' because:
- A.
  It is the largest gland in the body
- B.
  It makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands
- C.
  It produces digestive enzymes
- D.
  It produces only one hormone
Câu 30.
Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissues?
- A.
  Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- B.
  Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- C.
  Growth hormone (GH)
- D.
  Prolactin (PRL)
Câu 31.
Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol?
- A.
  TSH
- B.
  ACTH
- C.
  LH
- D.
  ADH
Câu 32.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are produced by which gland?
- A.
  Adrenal cortex
- B.
  Anterior pituitary gland
- C.
  Posterior pituitary gland
- D.
  Pancreas
Câu 33.
Which hormone stimulates breast development during pregnancy and sustains milk production after birth?
- A.
  Oxytocin
- B.
  Prolactin (PRL)
- C.
  Estrogen
- D.
  LH
Câu 34.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also known as:
- A.
  Oxytocin
- B.
  Vasopressin
- C.
  Somatotropin
- D.
  Calcitonin
Câu 35.
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
- A.
  Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth
- B.
  Stimulates the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules
- C.
  Stimulates the release of insulin
- D.
  Stimulates the release of growth hormone
Câu 36.
Which hormone stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth?
- A.
  Prolactin
- B.
  ADH
- C.
  Oxytocin
- D.
  LH
Câu 37.
Which region of the brain controls the secretions of the pituitary gland?
- A.
  Cerebellum
- B.
  Hypothalamus
- C.
  Medulla oblongata
- D.
  Pons
Câu 38.
Which hormones are produced by the ovaries?
- A.
  Testosterone and cortisol
- B.
  Estrogens and progesterone
- C.
  Insulin and glucagon
- D.
  T3 and T4
Câu 39.
What is the function of progesterone?
- A.
  Stimulates the development of ova
- B.
  Prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy
- C.
  Causes deepening of the voice
- D.
  Stimulates milk production
Câu 40.
Testosterone is classified as which type of hormone?
- A.
  Estrogen
- B.
  Androgen
- C.
  Glucocorticoid
- D.
  Mineralocorticoid
Câu 41.
Which combining form means 'gland'?
- A.
  aden/o
- B.
  adrenal/o
- C.
  gonad/o
- D.
  thyr/o
Câu 42.
The term 'hypopituitarism' refers to:
- A.
  Excessive secretion by the pituitary gland
- B.
  Deficient secretion by the pituitary gland
- C.
  Tumor of the pituitary gland
- D.
  Inflammation of the pituitary gland
Câu 43.
The combining form 'dips/o' means:
- A.
  Sugar
- B.
  Thirst
- C.
  Urine
- D.
  Sodium
Câu 44.
The term 'polyuria' means:
- A.
  Excessive thirst
- B.
  Excessive urination
- C.
  Sugar in the urine
- D.
  Frequent hunger
Câu 45.
What does the suffix '-tropin' mean?
- A.
  Secrete
- B.
  Stimulating the function of; to turn or act on
- C.
  Sugar
- D.
  Urine condition
Câu 46.
Which prefix means 'deficient, below, or less than normal'?
- A.
  hyper-
- B.
  hypo-
- C.
  eu-
- D.
  pan-
Câu 47.
What does the term 'euthyroid' mean?
- A.
  Excessive thyroid activity
- B.
  A normal thyroid gland
- C.
  Deficient thyroid activity
- D.
  Tumor of the thyroid
Câu 48.
What is the meaning of 'tetraiodothyronine'?
- A.
  Thyroid hormone with three iodine atoms
- B.
  Thyroid hormone with four iodine atoms
- C.
  A thyroid hormone that lowers calcium
- D.
  A pituitary hormone
Câu 49.
Which of the following is a sign of Graves disease?
- A.
  Weight gain and fatigue
- B.
  Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs)
- C.
  Hypoglycemia
- D.
  Decreased metabolic rate
Câu 50.
Endemic goiter is caused by:
- A.
  Excess iodine in the diet
- B.
  Lack of iodine in the diet
- C.
  Excess calcium in the blood
- D.
  Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid
Câu 51.
Myxedema is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
- A.
  Dry, puffy skin with mucus-like material under it
- B.
  Advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
- C.
  Hyperactivity and weight loss
- D.
  Atrophy of the thyroid gland
Câu 52.
Cretinism results from:
- A.
  Hyperthyroidism in adulthood
- B.
  Extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood
- C.
  Excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
- D.
  Deficiency of parathyroid hormone
Câu 53.
Hyperparathyroidism leads to:
- A.
  Hypercalcemia and decalcification of bones
- B.
  Hypocalcemia and tetany
- C.
  Increased bone density
- D.
  Decreased blood calcium
Câu 54.
Hypoparathyroidism results in:
- A.
  Hypercalcemia
- B.
  Hypocalcemia and tetany
- C.
  Excessive calcium in the bones
- D.
  Kidney stones
Câu 55.
Cushing syndrome is caused by:
- A.
  Deficient cortisol from the adrenal cortex
- B.
  Excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
- C.
  Deficient insulin from the pancreas
- D.
  Excess parathyroid hormone
Câu 56.
A 'buffalo hump' and 'moon-face' are characteristic features of:
- A.
  Addison disease
- B.
  Cushing syndrome
- C.
  Graves disease
- D.
  Acromegaly
Câu 57.
Addison disease is characterized by:
- A.
  Excess cortisol secretion
- B.
  Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex with hyperpigmentation
- C.
  Excess growth hormone
- D.
  Excess insulin secretion
Câu 58.
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of which endocrine structure?
- A.
  Adrenal cortex
- B.
  Adrenal medulla
- C.
  Pituitary gland
- D.
  Pancreas
Câu 59.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is best described as:
- A.
  An autoimmune disease with destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- B.
  A disease of insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency
- C.
  A disease caused by excess insulin production
- D.
  A condition that only occurs during pregnancy
Câu 60.
Which of the following is a common feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- A.
  Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- B.
  Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency
- C.
  Always requires insulin injections
- D.
  Always presents in childhood
Câu 61.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is most commonly associated with which type of diabetes?
- A.
  Type 1 diabetes
- B.
  Type 2 diabetes
- C.
  Gestational diabetes only
- D.
  Diabetes insipidus
Câu 62.
Acromegaly is caused by:
- A.
  Hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty
- B.
  Hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty
- C.
  Hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood
- D.
  Excess cortisol from the adrenal gland
Câu 63.
Gigantism results from:
- A.
  Hypersecretion of GH before puberty
- B.
  Hypersecretion of GH after puberty
- C.
  Hyposecretion of GH in adulthood
- D.
  Deficiency of cortisol
Câu 64.
Pituitary dwarfism is caused by:
- A.
  Excess growth hormone
- B.
  Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone
- C.
  Excess cortisol
- D.
  Genetic defect in cartilage formation
Câu 65.
The syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) is characterized by:
- A.
  Excessive water loss and dehydration
- B.
  Excessive water retention in the body
- C.
  Deficiency of insulin
- D.
  Excess cortisol secretion
Câu 66.
Diabetes insipidus is caused by:
- A.
  Excess insulin
- B.
  Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- C.
  Excess cortisol
- D.
  Deficiency of growth hormone
Câu 67.
The term 'diabetes insipidus' gets its name from the fact that the urine is:
- A.
  Sweet
- B.
  Tasteless or dilute
- C.
  Dark and concentrated
- D.
  Bloody
Câu 68.
Which of the following is a long-term (secondary) complication of diabetes mellitus?
- A.
  Polyuria
- B.
  Diabetic retinopathy
- C.
  Polydipsia
- D.
  Insulin shock
Câu 69.
Which laboratory test is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetic patients?
- A.
  Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
- B.
  Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C or A1C)
- C.
  Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
- D.
  Urinary microalbumin assay
Câu 70.
A fasting plasma glucose level of mg/dL is diagnostic of:
- A.
  Prediabetes
- B.
  Diabetes
- C.
  Normal glucose control
- D.
  Hypoglycemia
Câu 71.
Which imaging technique uses radioactive iodine to evaluate thyroid nodules and tumors?
- A.
  Exophthalmometry
- B.
  CT scan
- C.
  RAIU (radioactive iodine uptake) scan
- D.
  Ultrasound
Câu 72.
Exophthalmometry is used to measure:
- A.
  Blood calcium levels
- B.
  Eyeball protrusion in Graves disease
- C.
  Hormone levels in the blood
- D.
  Bone density
Câu 73.
The abbreviation 'ADH' stands for:
- A.
  Adrenal hormone
- B.
  Antidiuretic hormone
- C.
  Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- D.
  Androgenic hormone
Câu 74.
What does the abbreviation 'TFT' stand for?
- A.
  Thyroid function test
- B.
  Total fasting test
- C.
  Tissue fluid tension
- D.
  Triiodothyronine free
Câu 75.
The abbreviation 'DM' refers to:
- A.
  Diabetes mellitus
- B.
  Diabetes management
- C.
  Diabetic myopathy
- D.
  Daily medication
Câu 76.
What is the action of exogenous thyroid hormone (levothyroxine) used as a medicine?
- A.
  Lowers blood glucose
- B.
  Treats hypothyroidism by replacing deficient thyroid hormone
- C.
  Inhibits thyroid hormone production
- D.
  Treats hyperthyroidism
Câu 77.
Which medication is used to treat type 2 diabetes by reducing glucose production in the liver?
- A.
  Insulin
- B.
  Metformin
- C.
  Desmopressin
- D.
  Prednisone
Câu 78.
Alendronate (Fosamax) is used to treat:
- A.
  Hypothyroidism
- B.
  Diabetes mellitus
- C.
  Osteoporosis and hyperparathyroidism
- D.
  Addison disease
Câu 79.
Gestational diabetes occurs:
- A.
  Only in women with previously diagnosed type 1 diabetes
- B.
  In women with a predisposition to diabetes during the second or third trimester of pregnancy
- C.
  Only after menopause
- D.
  Only in adolescent girls
Câu 80.
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk letdown (production) from the mammary glands during suckling?
- A.
  Prolactin
- B.
  Oxytocin
- C.
  Estrogen
- D.
  Progesterone

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